- Family: Solanaceae Juss.
- Genus: Capsicum L.
Capsicum frutescens L.
- Genus: Capsicum L.
This species is accepted, and its native range is Bolivia to Brazil.
Descriptions
According to Flora of Tropical East Africa
[FTEA]Solanaceae, Jennifer M Edmonds. Oliganthes, Melongena & Monodolichopus, Maria S. Vorontsova & Sandra Knapp. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2012
- Type
- Type: Capsicum fruticosum L. orth. var., Herbarium Amboinense, 21 (1754); Indonesia, “Amboina”, Herb. van Royen, sheet 908 244150 (L, lecto., image L0053043!), designated by Heiser & Pickersgill in Taxon 18: 280 (1969) [See also Jarvis, Order out of Chaos: 382 (2007)]
- Habit
- Shrub to 2.5 m.
- Stem
- Stems erect, spreading, usually zig-zagging, much branched, angular, sparse to moderately pilose when young, with simple hairs mixed with stalked glands, glabrescent
- Leaves
- Leaves membranaceous, dark green, lanceolate, occasionally ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (1.3–)5–12 × (1.5–)2–5.3 cm, bases cuneate and decurrent, margins entire, apices acuminate, surfaces to sparsely pilose, denser on margins, veins and midribs, with densely pilose domatia on lower surfaces, hairs as stems; petioles (0.5–)1–2.2(–4) cm, pilose
- Inflorescences
- Inflorescences usually fasciculate with 2–4 flowers in each branch or leaf axil, flowers rarely solitary; pedicels erect and slender, thickening apically in flower but prominently drooping beneath flower, 7–18 mm long, completely erect in fruit when 11–28 mm long, usually paired and often woody, glabrescent
- Calyx
- Calyx cupulate, truncate with undulating margin, 1.2–3 × 2–3.5 mm apically, lobes virtually absent, persistent but only slightly enlarged in fruit; glabrescent
- Corolla
- Corolla white, greenish-white or pale green, rarely yellow, stellate, 5–7.5 mm long and 6–10 mm diameter with tube 1.2–2 mm long; lobes broadly ovate, 2–5 × 1.2–3.2 mm, spreading or reflexed after anthesis, shortly puberulous on margins and lobe apices
- Stamens
- Stamens equal, filaments 0.7–1.6 mm long; anthers blue, blue-green or purple, oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 0.7–1.6 mm, exserted
- Ovary
- Ovary smooth, brown, ovoid, 1–2.2 × 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous; disc to 1.3 mm diameter and 0.3 mm broad or absent; style 3.2–4.5 mm long, exserted 0.5–1.5 m; stigma 0.2–0.3 mm diameter. Fruit smooth, red, occasionally orange, ovoid to narrowly conical elongated berries, 8–20 × (3–)5–6(–9) mm, often apically acute, usually borne erect, often deciduous (or eaten by birds) leaving empty cupulate calyces
- Seeds
- Seeds yellow to orange-yellow, ovoid, discoidal or reniform to suborbicular, 3–3.5 × 2–3 mm, with thickened margin, foveolate/reticulate
- Figures
- Fig 12/1–6, p 60
- Ecology
- In secondary vegetation such as abandoned cultivation, forest edges, riverine thickets, road-sides, often in deep shade; 150–1250 m
- Conservation
- Widespread; least concern (LC)
- Note
- This is by far the most commonly collected Capsicum species in Africa. It is now found wild or as a weed from southern US through Mexico to N & E South America, the Antilles and Argentina. DeWitt & Bosland (1996) suggested that it was first domesticated in Panama from where it spread to Mexico and the Caribbean. The domesticated variety of this species is usually known as var. pendulum, while the wild forms are known as var. baccatum and var. tomentosum and are commonly referred to as bird peppers. Many authors report the difficulty of differentiating herbarium specimens of this species from C. annuum. Bailey (in Man. Cult. Plants: 873 (1966)) considered both C. annuum and C. baccatum to be synonymous with C. frutescens, within which he differentiated several varieties often on their fruit size and shape. However, though closely related these are now considered to be distinct species which are distinguishable morphologically, and which also display low inter-fertility. Roxburgh’s C. minimum is often cited as a synonym of C. frutescens (Roxb., Hort. Beng: 17 (1814) & Fl. Ind. 2: 261 (1824)). However, the 1824 description mentions paired pedicels and subulate calyx teeth – characters typical of C. baccatum and C. minimum is more likely to be synonymous with that species. As well as the fruits being widely used as a condiment, the leaves are also eaten as a vegetable. In K 7 these plants are eaten by elephants and the fruits by birds. Although D’Arcy & Eshbaugh (Baileya: 99 (1974)) synonymised C. conoides Mill. (Gard. Dict., No. 8 (1768)) with C. annuum, Heiser & Pickersgill (Baileya: 155 (1975)) considered that Miller’s species was either a large-fruited form of C. frutescens or a spontaneous variety of C. annuum; however they concluded that the absence of a type specimen of C. conoides precluded its taxonomic placement. Cufodontis (1963) published his variety C. annuum L. var. oblongo-conicum without any description, basing it on Dunal’s variety C. conoides var. oblongo-conicum. Dunal’s variety was based on Fingerhuth’s (1832) C. conoides rather than Miller’s species but Heiser & Pickersgill (1975) suggested that it is probably a synonym of C. frutescens. Most of these treatments describe the fruits as being oblongo-conical and borne erect, which are suggestive of conspecificity with C. frutescens.
- Distribution
- Flora districts: U1 U2 U4 K7 T3 T6 Z Range: Cultivated and often naturalised in much of tropical Africa Range: Also northern Africa and SW Europe, Indian Ocean islands, India, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia
According to Flora Zambesiaca
[FZ]Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 8, Part 4. Solanaceae. Gonçalves AE. 2005
- Habit
- Erect or spreading, ± bushy, short-lived perennial, up to 2 m tall Erect or spreading, ± bushy, short-lived perennial, up to 2 m tall.
- Branches
- Branches often quite woody, terete or slightly angular, ± striate or somewhat channelled, glossy, pubescent when young to ± glabrous Branches often quite woody, terete or slightly angular, ± striate or somewhat channelled, glossy, pubescent when young to ± glabrous.
- Leaves
- Leaves usually solitary, rarely 2 appearing together; petiole 0.3–3 cm long; lamina membranous or papyraceous, 1. 5–15 × 0.7–6 cm, lanceolate to broadly ovate or elliptic, base rounded to attenuate, and often unequal-sided, apex obtusely acuminate to obtuse, ± entire, ciliate, with scattered hairs, sometimes only along the nerves above, paler, duller, with a few hairs in the axils of the nerves beneath Leaves usually solitary, rarely 2 appearing together; petiole 0.3–3 cm long; lamina membranous or papyraceous, 1.5>i>–15 × 0.7>i>–6 cm, lanceolate to broadly ovate or elliptic, base rounded to attenuate, and often unequal-sided, apex obtusely acuminate to obtuse, ± entire, ciliate, with scattered hairs, sometimes only along the nerves above, paler, duller, with a few hairs in the axils of the nerves beneath.
- Flowers
- Flowers 2–3(4)-whorled, rarely solitary. Flowers 2>i>–3(4)-whorled, rarely solitary; pedicels 10>i>–20 mm long, ± terete, striate, slender, thickened upwards, glabrous, ± erect or curved distally, in fruit elongated to 30 mm and slender.
- Pedicel
- Pedicels 10–20 mm long, ± terete, striate, slender, thickened upwards, glabrous, ± erect or curved distally, in fruit elongated to 30 mm and slender
- Calyx
- Calyx ± rugose, 1. 5–2.5 mm long, cupular or sub-tubular, 5- or 10-ribbed, truncate or with short, obtuse teeth or deltate umbos, glabrous or slightly pubescent; in fruit enlarged and surrounding the base of it Calyx ± rugose, 1.5>i>–2.5 mm long, cupular or sub-tubular, 5- or 10-ribbed, truncate or with short, obtuse teeth or deltate umbos, glabrous or slightly pubescent; in fruit enlarged and surrounding the base of it.
- Corolla
- Corolla white or yellowish to greenish, rarely purplish, often with yellow markings in the throat, rotate-campanulate; limb 6–10 mm across; lobes 1. 5–4 mm long, ovate-triangular, acute, ± ciliolate, spreading or reflexed Corolla white or yellowish to greenish, rarely purplish, often with yellow markings in the throat, rotate-campanulate; limb 6>i>–10 mm across; lobes 1.5>i>–4 mm long, ovate-triangular, acute, ± ciliolate, spreading or reflexed.
- Filaments
- Filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers blue to purple, rarely yellow, 1. 5–2.2 mm long, oblong or oblong-ovate in outline Filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers blue to purple, rarely yellow, 1.5–2.2 mm long, oblong or oblong-ovate in outline.
- Ovary
- Ovary 1–1. 8 mm long, ± ovoid or ellipsoid, rounded or tapering, glabrous, 2-locular.
- Style
- Style 3.4–5 mm long, straight, not or slightly thickened distally into a small stigma
- Fruits
- Fruit erect from the nodes, green, becoming orangish or red when mature, glossy, 0.9–2 × 0.4–0.6 cm, ovoid-oblong or irregularly fusiform, obtusely pointed, smooth, glabrous, very pungent or acrid, edible Fruit erect from the nodes, green, becoming orangish or red when mature, glossy, 0.9>i>–2 × 0.4>i>–0.6 cm, ovoid-oblong or irregularly fusiform, obtusely pointed, smooth, glabrous, very pungent or acrid, edible.
- Seeds
- Seeds brownish, 3.2–3.7 × 2.5–3 mm, obovate to sub-circular in outline Seeds brownish, 3.2>i>–3.7 × 2.5>i>–3 mm, obovate to sub-circular in outline.
- Ecology
- In cultivation and in disturbed ground at roadsides, forest margins, mixed woodland, lake shores and riversides, anthills, waste places; up to 1130 m.
- Note
- Common name: “African Chilli” or “African Pepper”.
- Distribution
- ZAM N, ZAM C, ZAM E, ZIM N, ZIM E, MAL N, MAL C, MAL S, MOZ N, MOZ S, MOZ GI, MOZ M A polymorphic species indigenous to tropical America (probably from South America); now introduced and widely dispersed throughout the tropics and subtropics. Cultivated as a garden and horticultural crop for the fruits, but also occurring as an escape an Mozambique Zimbabwe Malawi Zambia
- Pistil
- Ovary 1–1.8 mm long, ± ovoid or ellipsoid, rounded or tapering, glabrous, 2-locular; style 3.4–5 mm long, straight, not or slightly thickened distally into a small stigma.
According to Flora of West Tropical Africa
[FWTA]Solanaceae, H. heine. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Habit
- Undershrub 2-3 ft. high, much-branched, angular
- Stem
- Nearly glabrous stems
- Flowers
- Flowers white or pale yellow.
Images
Distribution
Native to:
Bolivia, Brazil West-Central
Introduced into:
Aldabra, Algeria, Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Cambodia, Canary Is., Chad, Christmas I., Colombia, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, El Salvador, Fiji, French Guiana, Galápagos, Gilbert Is., Guatemala, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jawa, Kazan-retto, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Leeward Is., Madeira, Malawi, Marquesas, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Mozambique, Mozambique Channel I, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, Niue, Pakistan, Panamá, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Rwanda, Samoa, Society Is., Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Windward Is., Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Synonyms
- Capsicum annuum var. minus (Fingerh.) Shinners
- Capsicum assamicum J.Purkay. & Lok.Singh
- Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh
- Capsicum conoides Roem. & Schult.
- Capsicum fastigiatum Blume
- Capsicum frutescens var. lanicaule Greenm.
- Capsicum frutescens var. minus Fingerh.
- Capsicum frutescens var. pendulum (Willd.) Besser
- Capsicum indicum var. pendulum (Willd.) Dierb.
- Capsicum indicum var. ribesium Dierb.
- Capsicum pendulum Willd.
- Capsicum pendulum var. majus Dunal
- Capsicum pendulum var. minus Fingerh.
Other Data
Capsicum frutescens L. appears in other Kew resources:
Herbarium Catalogue (40 records)
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jun 14, 2007 | Ellen, R. [1064], Maluku | K000224431 | ||
Jun 14, 2007 | Ellen, R. [1237], Maluku | K000224426 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | Vogel [s.n.], Cape Verde | K001134487 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | Kotschy [292], Sudan | K000195146 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | Kotschy [292], Sudan | K000195147 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | Higgins, J. [5], Dominica | K000809083 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | Jansen-Jacobs, M.J. [1809], Guyana | K000809087 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | Hooker, J.D.(?) [s.n.], Cape Verde | K001134495 | ||
Jan 1, 2005 | McIlhenny, P. [s.n.], USA | K000809081 | ||
Jan 1, 2004 | Spruce, R. [s.n.], Peru | K000201916 | ||
Feb 1, 2002 | Etuge, M. [1548], Cameroon | K000109662 | ||
Feb 1, 2002 | Biye, E. [69], Cameroon | K000109661 | ||
Feb 1, 2002 | Biye, E. [57], Cameroon | K000109663 | ||
Jan 1, 1992 | Thomas, W.W. [9080], Brazil | K000809088 | ||
Jan 1, 1992 | Beck, H.T. [87], Brazil | K001073007 | ||
Jan 1, 1990 | Balée, W.L. [910], Brazil | K001073005 | ||
Jan 1, 1989 | Nee, M. [34412], Brazil | K000809089 | ||
Jan 1, 1982 | Harley, R.M. [22736], Brazil | K000809090 | ||
36743.000 | ||||
Chancellor, R.J. [279], Uganda | 2534.000 | |||
Hinton, G.B. [4336], Mexico | K000063184 | |||
Hinton, G.B. [8119], Mexico | K000063185 | |||
Milliken, W. [1755], Brazil | K001073006 | |||
Eiten, G. [10140], Brazil | K001073008 | |||
Palmer, E. [394], Mexico | K000063182 | |||
Burchell, W.J. [3459], Brazil | K001073009 | |||
Rich, H.H. [883], India | K000592615 | |||
Bourgeau, M. [2076], Mexico | K000063179 | |||
Gaumer, G.F. [70], Mexico | K000063180 | |||
Gaumer, G.F., Mexico | K000063181 | |||
Gaumer, G.F. [1019], Mexico | K000063177 | |||
Vázquez T., M. [673], Mexico | K000063186 | |||
s.coll. [39], Bangladesh | K000592611 | |||
[Pavish] [s.n.], India | K000592622 | |||
Belcher, R.O [52], India | K000592616 | |||
Saint-Hilaire, A.F.C.P. [s.n.], Brazil | K001073010 | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2642] | K001116726 | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2642] | K001116727 | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2642] | K001116728 | |||
González, V. [975], Mexico | Capsicum frutescens var. lanicaule | K000063183 |
Bibliography
First published in Sp. Pl.: 189 (1753)
Accepted by
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Not accepted by
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Literature
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Kew Backbone Distributions
- Jaramillo Díaz, P. & Guézou, A. (2017). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Vascular Plants - FCD Lista de especies de Plantas Vasculares de Galápagos http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/vascular-plants/.
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- Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
- Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
- Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2015). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Volumen VIII. Dicotyledóneas (Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae) Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 131: 1-657. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
- Edmonds, J. (2012). Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae: 1-239.
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- van Proosdij, A.S.J. (2012). Arnoldo's Zakflora, ed. 4: 1-318. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.
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- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
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- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Fl. Eth. 5 : 148 (2006)
- F.Z. 8(4): 60 (2005);
- Fl. Cabo Verde 71: 31 (2002)
- Fl. Egypt 6: 75 (1998);
- DeWitt & Bosland, Peppers of the World: 17 (1996);
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- E.P.A. 2: 860 (1963);
- F.W.T.A. 2nd ed., 2:328 (1963);
- T.T.C.L.: 573 (1949);
- U.O.P.Z.: 170 (1949);
- F.P.N.A. 2: 205 (1947);
- Durand & Durand, Syll. Fl. Cong.; 396 (1909);
- F.T.A. 4, 2: 251 (1906);
- 9th Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard.: 65 (1898);
- Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 3: 751 (1898)
- DC., Prodr. 13(1): 413 (1852)
- Fingerhuth, Monogr. gen. capsici: 17 (1832), as frutescens Willd.
- Mill., Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 9 (1768)
- Sp. Pl. 1: 189 (1753)
Sources
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
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Kew Science Photographs
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