- Family: Balanophoraceae Rich.
- Genus: Thonningia Vahl
Thonningia sanguinea Vahl
- Genus: Thonningia Vahl
[FZ]
Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 9, Part 3. Polygonaceae-Myriaceae. Pope GV, Polhill RM, Martins ES. 2006.
- Type
- Lectotype, chosen by Hansen (1993), from Ghana.
- Morphology General Habit
- Plant to 18 cm tall Plant to 18 cm tall.
- Vegetative Multiplication Rhizomes
- Rhizomes 3–8 mm diameter, pubescent Rhizomes 3–8 mm diameter, pubescent.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Peduncles
- Peduncles 0–13 cm tall, glabrous to pubescent (particularly in axils of scales); scales 4–10 × 2–5 mm, ovate to lanceolate, acute, margins sometimes irregularly and obscurely serrulate, rigid, glabrous Peduncles 0–13 cm tall, glabrous to pubescent (particularly in axils of scales); scales 4–10 × 2–5 mm, ovate to lanceolate, acute, margins sometimes irregularly and obscurely serrulate, rigid, glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence heads 2.5–5 cm long, opening to 1.5–5.5 cm broad Inflorescence heads 2.5–5 cm long, opening to 1.5–5.5 cm broad.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Female flowers: perianth 1–1.5 mm long; style 2–3 mm long, filiform Male flowers 8–15 mm long; perianth segments 2–4, lanceolate, acute; stamens 2–6 in cylindrical synandrium, anthers whitish-cream Male flowers 8–15 mm long; perianth segments 2–4, lanceolate, acute; stamens 2–6 in cylindrical synandrium, anthers whitish-cream. Female flowers: perianth 1–1.5 mm long; style 2–3 mm long, filiform.
- Ecology
- Forests, thickets and adjacent savanna on a variety of hosts; 230–1676 m.
- Distribution
- ZAM B, ZAM W Zambia Tropical Africa down to Angola and Zambia
- Vegetative Multiplication Tubers
- Tuber irregularly shaped from subspherical up to 8–10 cm diameter to elongate, 5–17 × 1.3–4 cm, densely pubescent. Tuber irregularly shaped from subspherical up to 8–10 cm diameter to elongate, 5–17 × 1.3–4 cm, densely pubescent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts
- Bracts 5–30 × 3–11 mm, ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, margins irregularly and obscurely serrulate, rigid, becoming smaller towards base of involucre and continuous with scales on peduncle, pinkish-crimson turning brown with age. Bracts 5–30 × 3–11 mm, ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, margins irregularly and obscurely serrulate, rigid, becoming smaller towards base of involucre and continuous with scales on peduncle, pinkish-crimson turning brown with age
- sex Male
- Male flowers 8–15 mm long; perianth segments 2–4, lanceolate, acute; stamens 2–6 in cylindrical synandrium, anthers whitish-cream.
- sex Female
- Female flowers: perianth 1–1.5 mm long; style 2–3 mm long, filiform.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits Infructescences
- Infructescence 2.5–3.5 cm diameter, dull reddish-black to crimson, looking like a strawberry. Infructescence 2.5–3.5 cm diameter, dull reddish-black to crimson, looking like a strawberry
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 0.75–1.5 mm long, ellipsoid, creamy. Seeds 0.75–1.5 mm long, ellipsoid, creamy.
[FTEA]
Balanophoraceae, B. Hansen. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1993
- Morphology General Habit
- Tuber trailing 10–15 cm. below soil surface, 20 cm. or more long, 0.6–0.8 (1–1.5 in swollen part) cm. in diameter, minutely pilose.
- Morphology Stem
- Inflorescence-bearing stems appearing a few cm. above soil-surface with their bright red, flowering upper parts, 5–20 cm. long from tuber.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves triangular-ovate, lower ± 8 × 4 mm., upper 20 × 8 mm., forming an involucre around the spadix.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence 2.8–3 × 3.2–3.9 cm., ♂ spadices depressed-hemispherical, ♀ spadices hemispherical.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers apparently ebracteate or ♂ subtended by minute reduced bracts. Male flowers, including pedicel, up to 1.5 cm. long with perianth-segments ± 3 mm. long and synandrium 5–6 mm. long. Female flowers 3 mm. long, ovary with perianth ± 2 mm., style 1–1.5 mm.
- sex Male
- Male flowers, including pedicel, up to 1.5 cm. long with perianth-segments ± 3 mm. long and synandrium 5–6 mm. long.
- sex Female
- Female flowers 3 mm. long, ovary with perianth ± 2 mm., style 1–1.5 mm.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits Infructescences
- Infructescence dark red, fleshy, ovoid, with spadix strongly swelling above involucre.
- Figures
- Fig. 2.
- Habitat
- In rain-forest and adjacent woodland, parasitizing roots of Funtumia africana ( Apocynaceae) , Bridelia micrantha ( Euphorbiaceae) , Acacia mildbraedii, Baphia nitida, Pentachlethra eetveldeana ( Leguminosae) , Antiaris africana ( Moraceae) , Myrianthus arboreus ( Cecropiaceae); 750–1700 m.
- Distribution
- K5 T1 T4 U2 U4 tropical Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and southwards to N. Angola and Zambia
[FWTA]
Balanophoraceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:2. 1958
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Peduncle and flower-heads with crimson or pink scales, turning brown; only creamy white pollen and anthers show in the open flower-heads
- Ecology
- Common in forest, rare in savannah; parasitic on many different hosts.
Native to:
Angola, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre
Thonningia sanguinea Vahl appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mar 1, 2006 | Onana, J.-M. [2927], Cameroon | K000339023 | ||
Jan 1, 2004 | Sidwell, K. [355], Cameroon | K000461001 | ||
Sep 1, 2002 | Sidwell, K. [401], Cameroon | K000008441 | ||
Sep 1, 2002 | Ryan, P. [381], Cameroon | K000008440 | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Sunderland, T.C.H. [1468], Cameroon | K000011501 | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Acworth, J.M. [346], Cameroon | K000011498 | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Fraser, P. [411], Cameroon | K000011499 | ||
Sep 1, 1996 | Cheek, M. [7132], Cameroon | K000008439 | ||
Sep 1, 1996 | Sebsebe [5040], Cameroon | K000008438 | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | Akogo, M. [65], Cameroon | K000519000 | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | von Rege, I. [4], Cameroon | K000011503 | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | Hunt, L. V. [49], Cameroon | K000027589 | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | Hurst, J. [28], Cameroon | K000011502 | ||
Jan 1, 1992 | Wheatley, J.I. [367], Cameroon | K000011500 | ||
36622.000 | ||||
Milne-Redhead, E. [5129], Ghana | 17009.000 | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [3875], Zambia | 17565.000 | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [3745], Zambia | 17569.000 | |||
Eggeling, W.J. [4040], Uganda | 17013.000 | |||
Onochie, C.F. [35103], Nigeria | 27791.000 | |||
Fanshawe, D.B. [2228], Zimbabwe | 17014.000 | |||
Osmaston, H.A. [200], Uganda | 17011.000 | |||
Small, D. [752], Sierra Leone | 17570.000 | |||
Wood, G.H.S. [911], Uganda | 17010.000 | |||
Maitland, T.D. [376b], Cameroon | K000180493 | |||
Adams, Ghana | 17012.000 | |||
Adams, Ghana | 17568.000 | |||
Kalbreyer, F. [105], Nigeria | 17567.000 | Unknown type material | ||
Benton, P. [2], Ghana | 18933.000 | |||
Thorold, C.A. [605-1949], Ghana | 22048.000 | |||
Robey, M.E., Sierra Leone | 35988.000 | |||
Johnson, W.P. [521], Ghana | 5186.000 | Unknown type material | ||
Migeod, F. [117], Cameroon | K000180492 | |||
Monteiro, J.J., Angola | Thonningia angolensis | 29047.271 | Unknown type material | |
Dane, M.T. [16], Uganda | Thonningia ugandensis | 40653.000 | Unknown type material |
First published in Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 6: 125 (1810)
Accepted by
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso Boissiera 65: 1-391.
- Masharabu, T., Bigendako, M.J., Lejoly, J., Nkengurutse, J., Noret, N., Bizuru, E. & Bogaert, J. (2010). Etude analytique de la flore et de la végétation du Parc National de la Ruvubu, Burundi International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 4: 834-856.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo) Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Pope, G.V., Polhill, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds.) (2006). Flora Zambesiaca 9(3): 1-277. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
- Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1989 publ. 1990). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 3: 1-659. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 1: 1-114. ORSTROM, Bangui.
- Berhaut, J. (1974). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 2: 1-695. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
- Robyns, W. & al. (eds.) (1948-1963). Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 1-10.
Literature
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Bullock in Kew Bull. 1948: 366, q.v. for full references and synonymy
- Staner in Fl. Congo Belge 1: 395.
- F.T.A. 6, 1: 438
- in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. 6: 125, t. 6 (1810)
Flora Zambesiaca
- F.T.E.A., Balanophoraceae: 3, fig. 2 (1993). TAB. 52.
- Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 106: 368 (1986)
- Hepper, W. Afr. Herb. Isert Thonning: 29 (1976).
- F.W.T.A., ed. 2, 1: 667 (1958).
- Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1948: 366 (1949).
- F.C.B. 1: 395 (1948).
- Robyns, Fl. Sperm. Parc Nat. Alb. 1: 108 (1948).
- Rev. Gén. Bot. 54: 201 (1947) as ‘coccinea’.
- Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16b: 337, fig. 170 (1935).
- Engler, Pflanzenw. Afrikas [Veg. Erde 9] 3, 1: 111, fig. 73 (1915).
- F.T.A. 6, 1: 438 (1911).
- Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III, 1: 263 (1889).
- Trans. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 29, 42, t. 3 (1856).
- Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 6: 125, t. 6 (1810).
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso Boissiera 65: 1-391.
- Masharabu, T., Bigendako, M.J., Lejoly, J., Nkengurutse, J., Noret, N., Bizuru, E. & Bogaert, J. (2010). Etude analytique de la flore et de la végétation du Parc National de la Ruvubu, Burundi International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 4: 834-856.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo) Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
- Troupin, G. (ed.) (1978). Flora du Rwanda 1: 1-413. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- B. Hansen in Fl. Ethiopia 3: 384 (1990).
- B. Hansen in A. Engler, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 106: 368 (1986)
- A.D.Q. Agnew, Upland Kenya Wild Flowers p. 338 (1974).
- Keay, Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 667 (1958).
- Bullock in KB. 3: 366 (1949).
- Staner in Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, 1: 395 (1948).
- Hemsl. in Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 438 (1911).
- Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 29, 42, t. 3 (1856).
- Vahl in Skr. Naturhist-Selsk. 6: 125, t. 6 (1810).
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
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Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
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The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
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