- Family: Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus: Themeda Forssk.
Themeda triandra Forssk.
- Genus: Themeda Forssk.
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial; caespitose. Culms erect; 30-200 cm long. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Leaf-blades 10-30 cm long; 1-8 mm wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10-30 cm long. Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a spatheole; enclosed. Spatheole lanceolate; 1.5-3.5 cm long; scarious; brown, or red; without tubercles, or tuberculate. Racemes 1; single; cuneate; bearing few fertile spikelets; bearing 1 fertile spikelets on each. Rhachis fragile at the nodes. Spikelets in threes (basal paired). Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 2 in the cluster. Pedicels oblong; 0.5 mm long.
- Sterile
- Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 4 in number; forming an involucre about the fertile; with both pairs arising at about the same level; subsessile; 6-14 mm long; equalling fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; elliptic; 6-14 mm long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; 2-toothed. Companion sterile spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; subterete; 6-11 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-4 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red. Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 4 in number; forming an involucre about the fertile; with both pairs arising at about the same level; subsessile; 6-14 mm long; equalling fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; elliptic; 6-14 mm long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; 2-toothed. Companion sterile spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; subterete; 6-11 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-4 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes dissimilar; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma; shiny. Lower glume oblong; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark brown; without keels; 7-9 -veined. Lower glume apex obtuse. Upper glume oblong; 3 -veined.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 4 mm long; hyaline; 0 -veined; without midvein; without lateral veins. Fertile lemma linear; hyaline; without keel; 1 -veined. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn apical; geniculate; 25-70 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn hispidulous. Palea absent or minute.
- Distribution
- Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: southwestern.
- Reference
- Andropogoneae. FTEA.
[FWTA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:2. 1972
- Morphology General Habit
- Tufted perennial 1·2–1·8 m. high
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts
- Rusty brown spatheoles
- Note
- A most important grazing grass in eastern and southern Africa, where it is often a dominant constituent of grasslands.
[FTEA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974
- Morphology General Habit
- Tufted perennial; culms 30 cm. to 2 m. high, erect.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-blades flat, up to 30 cm. long or more, and 1–8 mm. wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Homogamous pairs arising at about the same level; lower glume narrowly elliptic, 6–14 mm. long, glabrous to tuberculate-hirsute. False panicle up to about 30 cm. long, composed of wedge-shaped clusters of 2–8 racemes enfolded by spatheoles and spathes; spatheole 1.5–3.5 cm. long, russet coloured, glabrous to tuberculate-pilose; raceme containing 1 fertile spikelet.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Sessile spikelet 6–11 mm. long, including a pungent rufously bearded callus 2–4 mm. long; lower glume brown, smooth except for the appressedly pubescent tip; awn 2.5–7 cm. long, puberulous. Pedicelled spikelet 6–14 mm. long, glabrous or tuberculate-pilose; callus 2–3 mm. long.
- Sessile
- Sessile spikelet 6–11 mm. long, including a pungent rufously bearded callus 2–4 mm. long; lower glume brown, smooth except for the appressedly pubescent tip; awn 2.5–7 cm. long, puberulous.
- Pedicelled
- Pedicelled spikelet 6–14 mm. long, glabrous or tuberculate-pilose; callus 2–3 mm. long.
- Figures
- Fig. 192.
- Habitat
- Widespread in open deciduous bushland, and often the dominant species; 0–3200 m.
- Distribution
- tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
[FSOM]
M. Thulin. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Distribution
- Tropical and subtropical Old World.
- Morphology General Habit
- Tufted perennial up to 2 m high (but usually much less), erect, slender
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Raceme with 1 fertile spikelet; involucral spikelets narrowly elliptic, 6–14 mm long, glabrous to tuberculate-hairy False panicle up to 30 cm long; spatheole 1.5–3.5 cm long, glabrous to tuberculate-hairy
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Sessile spikelet 6–11 mm long, including the pungent, rufously bearded 2–4 mm long callus; lower glume brown, smooth except for the appressedly pubescent tip; awn 2.5–7 cm long Pedicelled spikelet 6–14 mm long, glabrous or tuberculate-hairy; callus 2–3 mm long.
[FZ]
Gramineae, T. A. Cope. Flora Zambesiaca 10:4. 2002
- Morphology General Habit
- Caespitose perennial; culms up to 200 cm high, erect.
- Morphology Leaves Leaf lamina
- Leaf laminas up to, or exceeding, 30 cm × 1–8 mm, flat.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- False panicle up to c. 30 cm long, composed of wedge-shaped clusters of 2–8 racemes enfolded by spatheoles and spathes; spatheole 1.5–3.5 cm long, russet-coloured, glabrous to tuberculate-pilose; raceme containing 1 fertile spikelet.
- Homogamous
- Homogamous spikelet pairs arising at about the same level, the internode barely perceptible; inferior glume 6–14 mm long, narrowly elliptic, glabrous to tuberculate-pilose.
- Sessile
- Sessile spikelet 6–11 mm long (including the pungent rufously barbate callus 2–4 mm long); inferior glume brown, smooth except for the appressed-pubescent apex; awn 2.5–7 cm long, puberulous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Pedicelled spikelet 6–14 mm long, glabrous or tuberculate-pilose; callus 2–3 mm long. Homogamous spikelet pairs arising at about the same level, the internode barely perceptible; inferior glume 6–14 mm long, narrowly elliptic, glabrous to tuberculate-pilose. Sessile spikelet 6–11 mm long (including the pungent rufously barbate callus 2–4 mm long); inferior glume brown, smooth except for the appressed-pubescent apex; awn 2.5–7 cm long, puberulous.
- Pedicelled
- Pedicelled spikelet 6–14 mm long, glabrous or tuberculate-pilose; callus 2–3 mm long.
Native to:
Algeria, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Djibouti, East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Free State, Ghana, Guinea, Hainan, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, Korea, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, New South Wales, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Socotra, Somalia, South Australia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Thailand, Tibet, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Victoria, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
France, New Caledonia, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Solomon Is.
- Andropogon ciliatus Thunb.
- Andropogon tenuipedicellatus Steud.
- Anthistiria argentea Nees
- Anthistiria australis R.Br.
- Anthistiria barbata Desf.
- Anthistiria brachyantha Boiss.
- Anthistiria caespitosa Andersson
- Anthistiria ciliata Cav. ex Spreng.
- Anthistiria cuspidata Andersson
- Anthistiria depauperata Andersson
- Anthistiria desfontainii Kunth
- Anthistiria forskalii Kunth
- Anthistiria glauca Desf.
- Anthistiria imberbis Retz.
- Anthistiria japonica Willd.
- Anthistiria paleacea (Poir.) Ball
- Anthistiria polystachya Roxb.
- Anthistiria puberula Andersson
- Anthistiria punctata Hochst. ex A.Rich.
- Anthistiria subglabra Buse
- Anthistiria syriaca Boiss.
- Anthistiria vulgaris Hack.
- Apluda imberbis Steud.
- Calamina imberbis (Retz.) P.Beauv.
- Stipa paleacea Poir.
- Themeda australis (R.Br.) Stapf
- Themeda barbata (Desf.) Veldkamp
- Themeda barbinodis B.S.Sun & S.Wang
- Themeda brachyantha (Boiss.) Trab.
- Themeda forskalii var. imberbis (Retz.) Hack.
- Themeda forskalii var. vulgaris (Hack.) Hack.
- Themeda glauca Trab.
- Themeda imberbis (Retz.) T.Cooke
- Themeda japonica (Andersson) Tanaka
- Themeda polygama J.F.Gmel.
- Themeda triandra subsp. japonica (Andersson) T.Koyama
- Themeda triandra var. vulgaris (Hack.) Domin
Themeda triandra Forssk. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 1775 | Strachey, R. [03], India | K000245949 | ||
Jan 1, 1775 | Hohenacker, R.F. [1287], Tamil Nadu | K000911714 | Unknown type material | |
Jan 1, 1775 | Wight, R. [1709], India | K000245964 | Unknown type material | |
Jan 1, 1775 | Royle [s.n.], India | K000245948 | lectotype | |
Jan 1, 1775 | Wallich, N. [8764], India | K000245963 | Unknown type material | |
Jan 1, 1775 | Fielding [s.n.], Assam | K000245962 | ||
Hubbard, C.E. [7332], Queensland | K000911790 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [8036], Thailand | K000620633 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [13513], Thailand | K000620634 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [13513], Thailand | K000620635 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19505], Thailand | K000620636 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19581], Thailand | K000620637 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19581], Thailand | K000620638 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19560], Thailand | K000620639 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19610], Thailand | K000620640 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [6512], Thailand | K000620641 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [6513a], Thailand | K000620645 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [7946], Thailand | K000620643 | |||
Sorensen, Th. [4394], Thailand | K000688939 | |||
Burkill, H.M. [HMB. 1239], Thailand | K000688938 | |||
Burchell [2095], South Africa | K000280077 | |||
Burchell [1844], South Africa | K000280078 | |||
Burchell [2136-2], South Africa | K000280079 | |||
Burchell [2136/2], South Africa | K000280080 | |||
Schimper [1555], Ethiopia | K000280100 | isosyntype | ||
Schimper [1555], Ethiopia | K000280104 | isosyntype | ||
Schimper [73], Ethiopia | K000280101 | isosyntype | ||
Schimper [73], Ethiopia | K000280102 | isosyntype | ||
Bidgood, S. [5159], Tanzania | K000190387 | |||
Thomson, T. [s.n.], Himachal Pradesh | K001080746 | |||
Smitinand, T. [1139], Thailand | K000688934 | |||
Smitinand, T. [2046], Thailand | K000688935 | |||
Smitinand, T. [6294], Thailand | K000688936 | |||
Smitinand, T. [6191], Thailand | K000688937 | |||
Put [4249], Thailand | K000620644 | |||
Cuming, H. [1673], Philippines | K000290050 | isosyntype | ||
Zeyher, South Africa | K000280071 | |||
Drège, South Africa | K000280069 | isosyntype | ||
Drège, South Africa | K000280070 | isosyntype | ||
Drège, South Africa | K000280073 | |||
Drège, South Africa | K000280072 | isosyntype | ||
Drège, South Africa | K000280074 | isosyntype | ||
Drège [s.n.], South Africa | K000280075 | |||
Drège [s.n.], South Africa | K000280076 | |||
Hosseus, C.C. [146 a], Thailand | K000688942 | |||
Griffith, W. [579], Bhutan | K000911715 | |||
Boissier, E. [s.n.], Syria | K000911717 | |||
Wallich, N. [8775], Nepal | K000245947 | isotype | ||
Wallich, N. [1709], Tamil Nadu | K000911713 | |||
Harris, T. [457], Mozambique | K000613893 | |||
Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688940 | |||
Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688941 | |||
Timberlake, J. [5040], Mozambique | K000613419 | |||
Timberlake, J. [5311], Malawi | K000614657 | |||
Timberlake, J. [5317], Malawi | K000614663 | |||
Phloenchit [62], Thailand | K000688933 | |||
Balansa, B. [740], Turkey | K000911718 | |||
Walpur [558], Madagascar | K000743006 | |||
Drummond, J. [984] | Themeda australis | K000911786 | holotype | |
Brown, R. [6194], Australia | Themeda australis | K000911787 | Unknown type material | |
Brown, R. [6194], South Australia | Themeda australis | K000911788 | Unknown type material | |
Gunn, R.C. [s.n.], Tasmania | Themeda australis | K000911789 |
First published in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 178 (1775)
Accepted by
- Veldkamp, J.F. (2016). A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos Blumea 61: 29-40.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R., Akram, A., Gulfraz, M. & Potter, D. (2014). A preliminary floristic checklist of Thal desert Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 13-18.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
- Ahmed, Z.U. (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 1-505. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
- Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Aké Assi, L. (2002). Flore de la Côte-d'Ivoire: catalogue systématique, biogéographie et écologie. II Boissiera 58: 1-401.
- Cope, T.A. (2002). Flora Zambesiaca 10(4): 1-190. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A Handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) (1995). Flora of Somalia 4: i-ii, 1-298. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
- Ndabaneze, P. (1989). Catalogue des Graminées du Burundi Lejeunia; Revue de Botanique, n.s., 132: 1-127.
- Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Troupin, G. (ed.) (1988). Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1982). Gramineae Flora of Tropical East Africa 3: 451-898.
- Lebrun, J.P. (1973). Énumération des plantes vasculaires du Sénégal: 1-209. Maisons Alfort: Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux.
- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3(2): 277-574.
- Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
- Henty, E.E. (1969). A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Division of Botany, Dpt. of Forests, LAE, New Guinea.
Literature
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Berhaut, Fl. Sén. ed. 2, 420.
- A. Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appliq. 13: 878
- F.T.A. 9: 416
- Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. cxxiii & 178 (1775)
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Veldkamp, J.F. (2016). A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos Blumea 61: 29-40.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2014- continuously updated). Atlas of Living Australia http://www.ala.org.au/.
- Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R., Akram, A., Gulfraz, M. & Potter, D. (2014). A preliminary floristic checklist of Thal desert Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 13-18.
- Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Ahmed, Z.U. (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 1-505. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Aké Assi, L. (2002). Flore de la Côte-d'Ivoire: catalogue systématique, biogéographie et écologie. II Boissiera 58: 1-401.
- Cope, T.A. (2002). Flora Zambesiaca 10(4): 1-190. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.
- Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
- Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) (1995). Flora of Somalia 4: i-ii, 1-298. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
- Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Troupin, G. (ed.) (1988). Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
- Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.
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- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3(2): 277-574.
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Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, Vol 4, (1995) Author: by T. A. Cope [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Clayton in Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3: 471 (1972).
- K.W. Harker & D.M. Napper, An Illustrated Guide to the Grasses of Uganda p. 58 (1960).
- A.V. Bogdan, A Revised List of Kenya Grasses p. 62 (1958).
- Robyns, Flore des Spermatophytes du Parc National Albert 3: 70 (1955).
- Edwards & Bogdan, Imp. Grassl. Pl. Kenya: 84 (1951).
- Eggeling, Ann. list grasses Ug.: 47 (1947).
- Robyns, Fl. Agrost. Congo Belge 1: 216 (1929).
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- Stapf in Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 416 (1919).
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Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
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