Senna tora (L.) Roxb.

Native to:

Belize, El Salvador

Introduced into:

Alabama, Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Cook Is., East Himalaya, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, India, Inner Mongolia, Jawa, Korea, Laccadive Is., Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Madagascar, Malaya, Maldives, Mali, Manchuria, Marianas, Marquesas, Mauritania, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Northern Territory, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Primorye, Qinghai, Queensland, Rodrigues, Réunion, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Socotra, Solomon Is., South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Ukraine, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is., West Himalaya, Western Australia, Yemen, Zaïre

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
• Barua, K.N. & Khatry, P.K. (2009). Alien forest weeds in upper Brahmaputra valler and hill zones of Assam. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 414-422.
• Castle, G.E. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. Orstom Editions.
• Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
• Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Du Puy, D.J., Labat, N.-N., Rabevohitra, R., Villiers, J.-F., Bosser, J. & Moat, J. (2002). The Leguminosae of Madagascar: 1-737. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Filimban, F.Z. & al. (2014). Studies in the flora of Arabia: XXX. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 71: 117-132.
• Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
• Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
• ILDIS (2010-continuously updated). ILDIS - International Legume Database & Information Service http://www.ildis.org/.
• Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
• Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Kumar, S. (2012). Herbaceous flora of Jaunsar-Bawar (Uttarkhand), India: enumerations. Phytotaxonomy 12: 33-56.
• Lepschi, B. & Monro, A. (Project Coordinators) (2014). Australian Plant Census (APC) Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria. http://www.anbg.gov.au/chah/apc/index.html.
• Lock, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Lock, J.M. & Heald, J. (1994). Legumes of Indo-China a check-list: 1-164. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Lorence, D.H. & Wagnwe, W.L. (2020). Flora of the Marquesas Islands 2: 413-1135. National Tropical Botanic Garden, Smithsonian, DRPF.
• Meena, S.L. (2012). A checklist of the vascular plants of Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India. Nelumbo 54: 39-91.
• Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
• Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
• Polhill, R.M. (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 80: 1-235. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
• Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.
• Smith, A.C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 3: 1-758. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
• Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (1946). Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Botany New Series 24(5): 1-502. Field Museum of Natural History.
• Suzuki, M., Taufatofua, P. & Koyama, T. (2007). New records of plants from Tonga. Makinoa, n.s., 6: 25-62.
• Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
• Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
• Wiriadinata, H., Girmansyah, D., Hunter, J.M., Hoover, W.S. & Kartawinata, K. (2013). Floristic study of West Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13: 391-404.
• Yakovlev, G.P., Sytin, A.K. & Roskov, Y.R. (1996). Legumes of Northern Eurasia. A checklist: 1-724. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Yan, X.L. & Ma, J.S. (2011). Nomenclatural notes on alien invasive vascular plants in China. Plant Diversity and Resources 33: 132-142.
• Zhu, X.Y., Zhang, R.P. & He, Y.L. (eds.) (2021). An inventory of legume species diversity of Myanmar: 1-297. China Minzu university press.

Kew Backbone Distributions

• (2020). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26958715. epublication.
• Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
• Barua, K.N. & Khatry, P.K. (2009). Alien forest weeds in upper Brahmaputra valler and hill zones of Assam. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 414-422.
• Berhaut, J. (1975). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 4: 1-625. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
• Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTROM, Bangui.
• Castle, G.E. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. Orstom Editions.
• Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Filimban, F.Z. & al. (2014). Studies in the flora of Arabia: XXX. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 71: 117-132.
• Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
• Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
• ILDIS (2010-continuously updated). ILDIS - International Legume Database & Information Service http://www.ildis.org/.
• Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
• Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
• Kumar, S. (2012). Herbaceous flora of Jaunsar-Bawar (Uttarkhand), India: enumerations. Phytotaxonomy 12: 33-56.
• Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
• Lepschi, B. & Monro, A. (Project Coordinators) (2014). Australian Plant Census (APC) Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria. http://www.anbg.gov.au/chah/apc/index.html.
• Lorence, D.H. & Wagnwe, W.L. (2020). Flora of the Marquesas Islands 2: 413-1135. National Tropical Botanic Garden, Smithsonian, DRPF.
• MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
• Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
• Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
• Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
• Quézel, P. (1958). Mission Botanique au Tibesti: 1-357. Université d'Alger.
• S.Calderon & P.C.Standley (1944). Lista Preliminar de las plantas de El Salvador, ed. 2: 1-450. Ediciones culturales de la universidad de El Salvador.
• Singh, A. (2012). Exotic flora of the Chandauli district Uttar Pradesh, India: an overview. Indian Journal of Forestry 35: 79-84.
• Suzuki, M., Taufatofua, P. & Koyama, T. (2007). New records of plants from Tonga. Makinoa, n.s., 6: 25-62.
• Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
• Wiriadinata, H., Girmansyah, D., Hunter, J.M., Hoover, W.S. & Kartawinata, K. (2013). Floristic study of West Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13: 391-404.
• Zhu, X.Y., Zhang, R.P. & He, Y.L. (eds.) (2021). An inventory of legume species diversity of Myanmar: 1-297. China Minzu university press.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

• Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
• Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
• Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
• Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
• FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
• GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
• GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
• Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
• Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
• PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
• RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
• RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
• Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
• Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

International Legume Database and Information Service

• Ali, S. I. (1973). Flora of Pakistan, No. 54 Caesalpiniaceae. Karachi:Univ Karac
• Ambasta, S. P. (1986). The useful plants of India
• Baker, J. G. (1877). Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles
• Batorova, S. & al. (1989). Rasteniya tibetskoi meditzyny... Novosibisk. (Rus)
• De Wit, H. (1955). Webbia 11: 197-292. A revision of the genus Cassia...
• DeWit, H. C. D. (1955). Webbia 11:197-292. Revision of Gen. Cassia as occ. in Malaysia
• Du Puy, D. J. et al. (2002). The Leguminosae of Madagascar. RBG Kew.
• Grierson, A. J. C. & Long, D. G. (1987). Flora of Bhutan, Vol. 1. (Part 3). Edinburgh: RBG
• Haines, H. H. (1908). The Forest Flora of Chota Nagpur
• Hotta, M et al (1989). Sekai Yuhyou-shokubutu(Useful Pls. of World) Heibonsha. Tokyo
• Jain, S. K. (1991). Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany
• Larsen, K. et al (1980). In: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam, Vol 18. A.
• Larsen, K. et al. (1984). Flora of Thailand, Vol 4 Part 1. In: T. Smithinand & K. Larsen
• Mitsuhashi, H (1988). Illustrated Medicinal Plants of the World. Hokuryukan. Tokyo.
• Pavlova, N. S. (1989). Fabaceae. In Plantae... Orientis Extremi. Vol. 4. Leningrad(Rus)
• Robertson, S. A. (1989). Flowering Plants of Seychelles. Kew
• Roskov, Yu. R. (1997). Editing data for CD publication.
• Rudd, V. E. (1991). Flora of Ceylon 7: 34-107. Caesalpinioideae
• Senaratna, L. K. (2001). A check list of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. Colombo.
• Singh, V. (2001). Monograph on Indian Subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae)
• Srivastava, T. N. (1976). Flora Gorakhpurensis
• Terrell, E. E. (1977). Checklist of Names for 3, 000 Vas. Pl... Agric. Handbook No. 505
• Varma, S. K. (1981). Flora of Bhagalpur. Dicotyledons
• Verdcourt, B. (1979). A Manual of New Guinea Legumes. Office of Forests, Lae, PNG