[FWTA]
Rapateaceae, F.N. Hepper. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:1. 1968
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial herbs with a thick rhizome
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves radical, narrow, with parallel lateral nerves
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence scapose, capitate or unilaterally spicate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth double, the outer hyaline, lobes chaffy, rigid, imbricate, inner tubular, hyaline, lobes ovate, spreading, broadly imbricate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens 6, inserted in the tube; anthers basifixed, 4-locular, loculi confluent at the top and opening by 1 or 2 pores or by a terminal cleft
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovules few to solitary, basal or axile Ovary superior, perfectly or imperfectly 3-locular; style simple
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a capsule, opening by 3 valves septate in the middle
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds with copious mealy endosperm
[NTK]
Monteiro, R.F. (2011). Neotropical Rapateaceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Herbs caespitose, perennial , often in swampy areas, frequently mucilaginous; rhizome short, erect or prostrate . Leaves distichous , spirodistichous or rosulate, often equitant, rarely petiolate (Rapatea longipes Spruce ex Körn., Saxo-fridericia aculeata Kornicke), sometimes with margin aculeate (Saxo-fridericia aculeata); leaf sheaths developed and invaginating; leaf blades ensiform, lanceolate or linear . Inflorescences compound , axillary or terminal , capituliform, usually involved by two or more spathes; spikelets few to many, pedicellate or sessile , comprising a single terminal flower surrounded by several sterile bracts; flower monocline, actinomorphic , or slightly zygomorphic , perianth in two differentiated whorls; sepals 3, rigid, papyraceous, or membranaceous, similar to bracts, hyaline at the base, free or connate ; petals 3, white, yellow or red, sometimes with blotches, membranaceous, usually connate , with lobes lanceolate , ovate or obovate ; stamens 6, adnate to the corolla tube, anthers basifixed, introrse, sometimes with terminal appendages, dehiscencing by 1, 2 or 4 apical or subapical pores or short slits; ovary superior , carpels 3, locules 3; ovules anatropous, 1-8 per locule , basal or axile placentation; stylus simple , erect ; stigma capitate ; loculicidal capsules. Seeds globose , oblong , striated or muricate , chalky endosperm .
- General Description
-
Notes on delimitation
- Rapateaceae is placed within the order Poales (APG III, 2010) as a Bromeliaceae sister group. Mayacaceae is close to Rapateaceae in some studies because both have poricidal anthers.
- Rapateaceae is organized in 5 tribes: Stegolepidieae, Schoenocephalieae, Saxofridericieae, Monotremaeae, Rapateeaea.
17 genera with 16 ocurring in the Neotropics ~100 spp.
- Amphiphyllum Gleason (1 sp.) - Brazil and Venezuela.
- Cephalostemon Schomb.(5 spp.) - Brazil, Bolivia, Suriname and Venezuela.
- Duckea Maguire. (4 spp.) - Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
- Epidryos Maguire. (3 spp.) - Brazil, Colombia, Equador, Guyana, Panamá and Venezuela.
- Guacamaya Maguire. (1 sp.) - Colombia and Venezuela.
- Kunhardtia Maguire. (2 spp.) - Venezuela.
- Marahuacaea Maguire. (1 sp.) - Venezuela.
- Monotrema Koern. (5 spp.) - Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
- Phelpsiella Maguire. (1 sp.) - Venezuela.
- Potarophytum Sandw. (1 sp.) - Guyana.
- Rapatea Aubl. (27 spp.) - Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.
- Saxofridericia Schomb.(7 spp.) - Brazil, Colombia, French Guyana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
- Schoenocephalium Seub. (4 spp.) - Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
- Spathanthus Desv. (2 spp.) Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and French Guyana.
- Stegolepis Klotzsch ex Koern. (33 spp.) - Brazil, Guyana, Panamá and Venezuela.
- Windsorina Gleason. (1 sp.) - Guyana.
- The species usually occurs in habitats with humid soil.
- All the family is native in Neotropics, except for the genus Maschalocephalus.
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
- Rapateaceae is restricted to the Neotropics with the exception of Maschalocephalus dinklagei Gilg & Schumann that occurs in West Africa. The center of species diversity of Rapateaceae are the lowlands Guyana Shield and the Amazon.
- Diagnostic
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Distinguishing characters (always present)
- Mucilage cells, stomatal guard cells dumbell-shaped, uniseriate colleters, inflorescencecapitate and scapose, anthers with pores or short slits, microsporogenesis simultaneous.
- Amphiphyllum Gleason - Many bracts of the inflorescence, the outer spathaceous, valvate and connate, spikelets few, sessile; the anthers opening laterally and subapical pore. Ovary with a pluriovulate carpel.
- Cephalostemon Schomb. - Leaves with sheaths brown, invaginating linear blades. Inflorescências globose; bracts linear-lanceolate, conspicuous, green; bactlets setiform, green, with attenuated apex; sepals oval; petals yellow, obovate, apex retuse and apiculate; stamens opening by subapical slit; ovary globose trilocular, uniovular carpel. Capsule with seeds oblong, non striatre, covered with a dense white papillose mass.
- Duckea Maguire. - Leaves with ample sheaths; linear blades. Inflorescence subglobose to cylindrical, uniflora, bracts linear-lanceolate; bractlets imbricate; sepals lanceolate, connate at base; petals included; 6 stamens with single apical pore; ovary trilocular, uniovulate carpel. Ribbed seeds.
- Epidryos Maguire. - Leaves with oval sheaths, invaginating, brown; blades broad-linear. Inflorescences multiple, single or with two branches; involucral bracts lanceolate, inconspicuous, imbricate; flowers yellow.
- Guacamaya Maguire. -Leaves with brown sheath, invaginating, with white hairs; blades green, broad-linear. Inflorescence hemispheric, solitary, red; involucral bracts connate, bivalvate; spikelets numerous patents, sessile, spiral; corolla included with the basis of the petals connate; fillaments adnate at the base, anthers bitec, biporated; ovary trilocular, pluriovulate carpel; seeds not appendiculate.
- Kunhardtia Maguire. - Single inflorescence; bracts bivalvate; spikelets sessile and red, elongated, the inferior reflex; sepals free; petals lanceolate; anthers linear, bitec; ovary with a pluriovulate carpel. Seeds piramidalis, striate, without appendages.
- Monotrema Koern. - Leaves with connate sheaths; linear blades. Peduncle axillary, 1-2 per axil; inflorescences small, subglobose or elongated, with 1 or 2 bracts lanceolate to ovate; petals yellow, lanceolate; dehiscence of anthers by a single apical pore; ovary pyriform, 3 locules, uniovulate carpel. Seeds oval, white, muriculate, with appendage at the apex.
- Phelpsiella Maguire - Inflorescence capituliform, pauciflora; Bracts orbicular-oval, margins connate, adpressed, erect; sessile spikelet; yellow flowers; ovary tricarpellate, pluriovulate carpel; anthers biporated, with rounded porous.
- Rapatea Aubl. - Leaves with brown or hyalinesheath; blades lanceolate or rarely linear. Inflorescence axillary, capituliforme, coplanar or elongated, free or connate spathes at the base, ovate to lanceolate, apex attenuated; spikelets numerous, pedicellate. Flowers pedicellate, sepals connate, lanceolate oval; petals connate at the base, membranous; anthers linear or oblong, 4-locular, dehiscence by terminal or subterminal pore; uniovulate carpel, placentation basal, stigma capitate, papillose. Capsule attenuated. Seeds oblong, ridged.
- Saxofridericia Schomb. - Leaves with blades oblong-linear, margin aculeate, apex acute. Peduncles solitary, axillary; involucral bracts foliaceous, oval, bivalvate, sometimes connate at the margins; inflorescence globose or hemispherical; spikelets sessile; sepals free; petals obovate, the clawconnate into a membrane tube; subterminal porous of the anthers, fillaments adnate to the corolla tube; ovary trilocular, pluriovulate carpel, subulate-triangular stylus. Capsule oblong -oboval.
- Schoenocephalium Seub. - Leaves with brown sheath; laminalinear, apex attenuated. Inflorescence capituliform; spiklets radiate; bractlets graduate; sepals free to the base; petals lanceolate, enclosed, not open at anthesis, connate claws; 6 stamens, fillaments adnate to the corolla tube, apex cruciform, 4 porous; ovary trilocular, biovulate carpel, styles terete, truncate, minutely circumciliate. Seeds ribbed, prismatic.
- Spathanthus Desv. - Leaves distichous, blades linear or oblong, apex acute. Inflorescence adnate to bract, only one involucral bract, lanceolate; spikelets numerous, sessile; anthers 4-locular, dehiscing by a single apical toothed pore; ovary trilocular, two aborted carpels, style subbasal. Seedoblong-ellipticstriate.
- Stegolepis Klotzsch ex Koern. - Robust herb; blades with sheath readily apparent, blades linear, apex acute. Inflorescence capituliform; spikelets sessile.
- Windsorina Gleason. - Herb glabrate, swamp. Peduncle erect, axillary; inflorescence umbellate, unwrapped; flowers pedicellate; sepals convolute; petals oval, yellow; fillets free twisted after anthesis, anther tetralocular with a subterminal pore. Capsule oval, loculicide, one seed per locule.
- Literature
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Important literature
Berry, P. 4004. Rapateaceae. In: Berry, P.E., K. Yatskievych & B.K. Holst (eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana Vol. 8, pp. 413-472. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Dahlgren, R.M.T, Clifford, M.T. & Yeo, P.F. 1985. The families of monocotyledons: structure, evolution and taxonomy, pp. 391-395. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Givnish T.J., Millam K.C., Evans T.M., Hall J.C., Pires J.C., Berry P.E. & Sytsma K.J. 2004. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: S35-S54.
Gleason, H.A. 1923. Windsorina, a New Genus of Rapateaceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 50(4): 147-152.
Maguire, B. 1958. Rapateaeae. In: B. Maguire & J.J. Wurdack (eds.), The Botany of the Guayana Highland, part III. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10: 19-49.
Maguire, B. 1965. Rapateaceae. In B. Maguire & J.J. Wurdack (eds.), The Botany of the Guayana Highland, part VI. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 12(3): 69-102.
Maguire, B. 1979. Additions to the Rapateaceae. Acta Amazonica 9: 267-269.
Maguire, B. 1982. Rapateaceae. In: Z. Luces de Febres & Steyermark, J.A. (eds.), Flora Venezuela 11, part II 11, pp. 85-203. Ediciones Funación Educación Ambiental, Caracas.
Seubert, M. 1847. Rapateaceae. In: Martius, C.F. Von & Urban, I. (eds.), Flora Brasiliensis. v. 3(1), pp. 125-132. Typographia regia, Munich.
Stevenson, D. W., Colella, M. & Boom, B.1998. Rapateaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, H. Huber, P.J. Rudall, P.S. Stevens & T. Stützel (eds.) The families and genera of vascular plants, Vol. 4, pp. 415-424. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- Amphiphyllum Gleason
- Cephalostemon R.H.Schomb.
- Duckea Maguire
- Epidryos Maguire
- Guacamaya Maguire
- Kunhardtia Maguire
- Marahuacaea Maguire
- Maschalocephalus Gilg & K.Schum.
- Monotrema Körn.
- Phelpsiella Maguire
- Potarophytum Sandwith
- Rapatea Aubl.
- Saxofridericia R.H.Schomb.
- Schoenocephalium Seub.
- Spathanthus Desv.
- Stegolepis Klotzsch ex Körn.
- Windsorina Gleason
Rapateaceae Dumort. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Anal. Fam. Pl. 60, 62. 1829 (1829)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0