- Family: Solanaceae Juss.
- Genus: Withania Pauquy
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
- Genus: Withania Pauquy
This species is accepted, and its native range is S. Europe to Central China, Africa to Myanmar.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Distribution
- Widespread in Africa, also on the Canary Is., in southern Europe eastwards to southern Asia, and in Australia.
- Habit
- Shrub, subshrub or woody-based herb, up to 2 m tall; stems greyish tomentose
- Leaves
- Leaf-blades ovate to obovate or oblong, 3–10 x 1.5–7 cm, acute to obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, with entire margins or almost so, subglabrous above, ± densely tomentose beneath; petiole 0.5–2 cm long
- Flowers
- Flowers mostly in 3–6-flowered axillary clusters; pedicels up to 5 mm long, tomentose
- Calyx
- Calyx 4–5 mm long in flower, enlarging to 10–28 mm in fruit, tomentose outside; lobes narrowly triangular, acute, shorter than to about as long as the tube
- Corolla
- Corolla greenish, 5–7 mm long, thinly tomentose outside; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube
- Stamens
- Stamens with filaments c. 2–3 mm long; anthers c. 1 mm long
- Ovary
- Ovary with inconspicuous disk at the base; style 1.5–2.5 mm long
- Fruits
- Berry globose, 5–8 mm in diam., shiny, red, surrounded by and much exceeded by the enlarged ovoid-acuminate calyx
- Seeds
- Seeds c. 2 mm in diam., reticulate.
[FZ]
Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 8, Part 4. Solanaceae. Gonçalves AE. 2005
- Type
- Type: Linnean specimen 247.1 (LINN, lectotype, IDC microfiche neg. 136.III.5!).
- General
- Erect, sometimes spreading or more rarely decumbent, often bushy, herb or shrub, with usually several–many stems arising from a woody rootstock; younger parts whitish or greyish tomentose with small branched hairs, glabrescent
- Pedicel
- Pedicels (1)2–4(5) mm long, slender, in fruit elongated to 9 (or more) mm
- Stamens
- Stamens 5, scarcely exserted, glabrous; filaments 2.5–3(3.5) mm long; anthers 0.6–1 mm long, ovate-oblong in outline, the connective often apiculate Stamens 5, scarcely exserted, glabrous; filaments 2.5–3(3.5) mm long; anthers 0.6–1 mm long, ovate-oblong in outline, the connective often apiculate.
- Ovary
- Ovary 1–2(2.5) × 0.7–1. 5(2) mm, ovoid, glabrous.
- Style
- Style 2–3.5 mm long, scarcely exserted
- Fruits
- Fruit green turning brick-coloured, orange or red when ripe, glossy, subsessile in the erect to pendulous calyx, (5)6–10(12) mm in diameter Fruit green turning brick-coloured, orange or red when ripe, glossy, subsessile in the erect to pendulous calyx, (5)6–10(12) mm in diameter.
- Seeds
- Seeds 2–2.5 × 1. 5–1. 8(2.5) mm, lenticular-reniform, sometimes ovate or elliptic in outline, orange, bright red or pale brown Seeds 2–2.5 × 1.5–1.8(2.5) mm, lenticular-reniform, sometimes ovate or elliptic in outline, orange, bright red or pale brown.
- Ecology
- Widespread but not common on disturbed ground and roadsides, in cultivated lands, on termite mounds in grassland, in open woodland and riverine vegetation.
- Note
- Common name: “Winter Cherry”. Sometimes used as a medicine.
- Distribution
- Botswana. Mozambique Zambia Malawi BOT N, BOT SW, BOT SE, ZAM B, ZAM N, ZAM W, ZAM C, ZAM S, ZIM N, ZIM W, ZIM C, ZIM E, ZIM S, MAL C, MAL S, MOZ S, MOZ GI, MOZ M Native to the Old World subtropics, now widely distributed mainly in the drier regions, extending from Mediterranean Europe southwards through tropical Africa to South Africa and from Canary and Cape Verde Islands eastwards through the Middle East and Ara
- Habit
- Erect, sometimes spreading or more rarely decumbent, often bushy, herb or shrub, with usually several–many stems arising from a woody rootstock; younger parts whitish or greyish tomentose with small branched hairs, glabrescent.
- Branches
- Branches terete or somewhat angular, striate. Branches terete or somewhat angular, striate
- Leaves
- Leaves alternate or distally ± opposite; petiole 0.3–3.2 cm long, rather sheathing at the base; lamina membranous to somewhat fleshy, 2.5–17.5 × 1–7 cm, ovate to obovate, occasionally lanceolate or oblanceolate, rarely rotund, base obtuse to attenuate, occasionally rounded or truncate, and often oblique or occasionally unequal-sided, ± decurrent into the petiole, apex obtuse to acute, sometimes acuminate, entire to sinuate, whitish tomentose, becoming sparsely pubescent above and more densely so beneath especially on the nerves. Leaves alternate or distally ± opposite; petiole 0.3–3.2 cm long, rather sheathing at the base; lamina membranous to somewhat fleshy, 2.5–17.5 × 1–7 cm, ovate to obovate, occasionally lanceolate or oblanceolate, rarely rotund, base obtuse to attenuate, occasionally rounded or truncate, and often oblique or occasionally unequal-sided, ± decurrent into the petiole, apex obtuse to acute, sometimes acuminate, entire to sinuate, whitish tomentose, becoming sparsely pubescent above and more densely so beneath especially on the nerves
- Flowers
- Flowers (1)2–8(10) at a node, erect to nodding; pedicels (1)2–4(5) mm long, slender, in fruit elongated to 9 (or more) mm. Flowers (1)2–8(10) at a node, erect to nodding.
- Calyx
- Calyx 3–5.5(7) mm long, 2–3.5(4) mm across, often slightly 5- or 10-ribbed, divided to c. the middle into 5 triangular to lanceolate or sub-linear lobes 1.4–3 × 0.8–1.6 mm, tomentellous outside and on the lobes inside; in fruit papyraceous or scarious, brownish, (10)12–24 × (8)9–17 mm, urceolate or ovoid-conic, ± 5-angled and somewhat 10-ribbed, sunken at the base, ± acute, acuminate at the summit, the lobes 2–5 × 1–3 mm, somewhat glabrescent. Calyx 3–5.5(7) mm long, 2–3.5(4) mm across, often slightly 5- or 10-ribbed, divided to c. the middle into 5 triangular to lanceolate or sub-linear lobes 1. 4–3 × 0.8–1. 6 mm, tomentellous outside and on the lobes inside; in fruit papyraceous or scarious, brownish, (10)12–24 × (8)9–17 mm, urceolate or ovoid-conic, ± 5-angled and somewhat 10-ribbed, sunken at the base, ± acute, acuminate at the summit, the lobes 2–5 × 1–3 mm, somewhat glabrescent
- Corolla
- Corolla yellowish to greenish-white or greenish, 4–7(8) mm long, campanulate or tubular-infundibular, divided to near the middle or less, hairy with finger-like hairs on the upper part of the tube and lobes outside, also with a band of longer hairs inside above insertion of the filaments; limb 3–6.5(7) mm across; lobes 5, 1.5–3(4) × 1.3–2.5 mm, triangular or triangular-lanceolate, acute, sub-acute or sometimes acuminate. Corolla yellowish to greenish-white or greenish, 4–7(8) mm long, campanulate or tubular-infundibular, divided to near the middle or less, hairy with finger-like hairs on the upper part of the tube and lobes outside, also with a band of longer hairs inside above insertion of the filaments; limb 3–6.5(7) mm across; lobes 5, 1. 5–3(4) × 1. 3–2.5 mm, triangular or triangular-lanceolate, acute, sub-acute or sometimes acuminate
- Disc
- Disk 0.2–0.4 mm high. Disk 0.2–0.4 mm high
- Pistil
- Ovary 1–2(2.5) × 0.7–1.5(2) mm, ovoid, glabrous; style 2–3.5 mm long, scarcely exserted.
[FWTA]
Solanaceae, H. heine. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Habit
- Much-branched undershrub 3-7 ft. high
- Flowers
- Flowers small, pale.
[FTEA]
Solanaceae, Jennifer M Edmonds. Oliganthes, Melongena & Monodolichopus, Maria S. Vorontsova & Sandra Knapp. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2012
- Type
- Type: India, Tsierutti, Linnaeus 247.1 (LINN!, lecto., designated by Schönbeck-Temesy in Rechinger, Fl. Iranica, 100: 27 (1972), misprinted as LINN 241/1) [See also Jarvis, Order out of Chaos: 742 (2007)]
- Habit
- Annual or perennial woody herbs or shrubs, erect, spreading or decumbent, 0.3–3 m high, laxly to densely branched, sometimes strongly aromatic; main stems erect, terete, all parts (in FTEA area) tomentose to pilose with whitish-yellow branched hairs, denser on younger parts, woody parts glabrescent
- Leaves
- Leaves usually membranaceous, ovate to lanceolate, (2.5–)4–11(–12.5) × (1.7–)3.5–7.8 cm, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, sometimes sinuate, apices obtuse to acute, densely tomentose when young with branched hairs, denser on veins, midribs and lower surfaces; petioles (0.5–)1–2.5(–4) cm but longer outside floral area
- Inflorescences
- Inflorescences in compact fascicles of (3–)5–9 (–20+) flowers, axillary, epedunculate; pedicels erect to pendulous, 1–3 mm long in flower, 2–5.5 mm long in fruit, densely clustered around stem, densely tomentose; calyx cupulate to urceolate-campanulate, 2.5–5.5(–6.6) mm long overall, cup fused for 2–3.5 mm, usually actinomorphic with 5 narrowly triangular to ligulate recurved acute lobes 1–3.5 × 0.5–1.5 mm wide, densely tomentose externally
- Corolla
- Corolla white, yellow, green, greenish-yellow or -white, usually hermaphrodite, broadly campanulate, (3–)4.5–6.5(–8) mm long overall with tube ± 1 mm long, usually actinomorphic with five broadly triangular recurved lobes 1.5–3(–4.5) × 1–2 mm wide, densely tomentose externally
- Stamens
- Stamens usually exserted; filaments free for 1.3–2.5 mm; anthers yellow to orange, equal, oblong to ovoid, 0.7–1.3 mm long, apiculate
- Ovary
- Ovary dark brown, ovoid, 1.1–1.5 × 0.7–1.5 mm, smooth; disc greenish to brown, 1–2.4 mm diameter; style 2–3(–4.5) mm long, often exserted; stigma 0.2–0.5 mm broad
- Fruits
- Fruit a smooth red, orange or yellow globose berry, 5–8(–10) mm diameter, mature pericarp often thin and translucent, enclosed by enlarged chartaceous urceolate conspicuously veined usually opaque calyx 10–18(–22) × 8–12(–15) mm with the mouth almost completely closed and subtended by recurved calyx lobes 3–6(–9) × 0.5–2 mm
- Seeds
- Seeds yellowish to brown, orbicular or discoid, sometimes reniform, 1.3–2.3 × 1.2–1.9 mm, foveolate; sclerotic granules usually absent
- Figures
- Fig 28, p 228
- Ecology
- Acacia-Commiphora bushland, grassland, wooded grassland, forests, river-banks, lakeshores, forest edges and clearings, a weed of shambas, bomas, old cultivations, fallow land, waste and disturbed places; may be locally common; 0–2300 m(– 2800 m fide
- Conservation
- Widespread; least concern (LC)
- Note
- All the characters given in the protologue of W. chevalieri overlap with those found in W. somnifera, with the exception of the style being 0.5 mm shorter. Thulin too (2002) thought that Gonçalves’ new species was a variable form of W. somnifera with smaller flowers and fruiting calyces. The species is very variable morphologically and especially vegetatively. Hunziker (in Gen. Solanaceae: 264, 2001) described it as being polymorphic, while Hepper (1991) noted that many herbarium specimens were intermediate between W. somnifera and W. obtusifolia, though he maintained them as separate species. Abedin et al. (in Pakistan J. Bot. 23: 279, 1991) while conceding that the features distinguishing the latter two taxa overlapped, thought that the variability warranted subspecific recognition in the Saudi Arabian region. Brenan & Greenway (in T.T.C.L., 1949) described the occurrence of W. aristata (Ait.) Pauq. In forests above 1680 m in the Usambaras. Their description of the inflorescences as having solitary or clustered flowers with aristate calyx lobes could indicate the occurrence of this species at high altitudes. However, this species seems to be confined to the Canary Islands, and Hepper (1991) thought that this together with W. frutescens were unlike the other species in the genus. Since no specimens examined during this revision were encountered which matched the morphological characteristics of W. aristata, it has not been included in this account. The typification of this species was discussed by Thulin (2002) who concluded that the Indian locality given on LINN 247.1 is correct despite the protologue including “Mexico” – where it has never been recorded – together with “Crete and Spain”.
- Distribution
- Flora districts: U1 U2 U3 U4 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Range: Also found throughout southern Europe and the Arabian Peninsula to India, Sri Lanka and China Range: Widespread in Africa
>
[FTEA]
- Use
- The species has been used medicinally since ancient times; it was known to the ancient Egyptians with fruiting branches being included in the floral collar laid around the golden effigy of Tutankhamun. A large number of withanolides and alkaloids have been isolated from its leaves and roots, and there are numerous reports of its medicinal use throughout Africa. In East Africa root extracts are used to treat intestinal worms (T 1), stomach disorders (T 1, 5), thrush (T 1), pneumonia (T 1), gonorrhoea (T 2, K 1,6), irregular menstruation, coughs (T 2, 7), abscesses (T 2), childhood fevers and nightmares (K 6) and male sterility, as an emetic (K 2), a tonic (K 6), a diuretic (K 6), and an eye-wash (K 6, T 1). The plant is used for purificatory rites in U 2, crushed leaves are heated for use as an external pain killer in K 6 and to curdle milk by the Masai (K 6). There are conflicting reports of the edibility of this species which is considered to evoke bad luck especially if cut in Somalia, where, as in T 5, it is rarely eaten by stock though it is eaten by goats, cattle, donkeys and giraffe in Ethiopia. The flowers are reportedly visited by hunting wasps in Ethiopia.
Native to:
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, Cyprus, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Free State, Greece, Gulf States, India, Iran, Kenya, Kriti, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Rwanda, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, West Himalaya, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Baleares, Mauritius, New South Wales, Réunion, Socotra, South Australia
- Alicabon somniferum (L.) Raf.
- Hypnoticum somniferum Rodati ex Boiss.
- Larnax morrisonii (Dunal) Miers
- Physalis alpini J.Jacq.
- Physalis arborescens Thunb.
- Physalis flexuosa L.
- Physalis scariosa Webb & Berthel.
- Physalis somnifera L.
- Physalis tomentosa Thunb.
- Physalis villosa Moench ex Steud.
- Physaloides somnifera (L.) Moench
- Withania arborescens Dunal
- Withania chevalieri A.E.Gonç.
- Withania kansuensis Kuang & A.M.Lu
- Withania macrocalyx (Chiov.) Chiov.
- Withania microphysalis Suess.
- Withania morisonii Dunal
- Withania mucronata Chiov.
- Withania obtusifolia Täckh.
- Withania sicula Lojac.
- English
- Indian ginseng, Poisonous gooseberry, Winter cherry
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apr 26, 2007 | Balston, M. E. [13a], Saudi Arabia | K000196865 | ||
Ash [1187], Ethiopia | 35481.000 | |||
Plowman, T. [3133], Israel | 46283.000 | |||
Foster [s.n.], Cape Verde | K001134497 | |||
Lowe, R.T. [s.n.], Cape Verde | K001134496 | |||
Lindeman, J.C. [5029], Brazil | Physalis flexuosa | K001071977 | ||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 2635], India | Physalis flexuosa | K001116716 | ||
Blinkworth, R. [Cat. no. 2635], India | Physalis flexuosa | K001116715 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635] | Physalis flexuosa | K001116712 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635] | Physalis flexuosa | K001116713 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635] | Physalis flexuosa | K001116714 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635] | Physalis flexuosa | K001116717 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635] | Physalis flexuosa | K001116718 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635], India | Physalis flexuosa | K001116719 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2635], Bangladesh | Physalis flexuosa | K001116720 |
First published in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1): 453 (1852)
Accepted by
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Kew Backbone Distributions
- Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Edmonds, J. (2012). Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae: 1-239.
- Mosti, S., Raffaelli, M. & Tardelli, M. (2012). Contributions to the flora of central-southern Dhofar (Sultanate of Oman) Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 67: 65-91.
- Castroviejo, S. (ed.) in Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Iberica 11: 1-672. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
- Llewellyn, O.A., Hall, M., Miller, A.G., Al-Abbasi, T.M., Al-Wetaid, A.H., Al-Harbi, R.J. & Al-Shammari, K.F. (2011). Important plant areas in the Arabian peninsula: 4. Jabal Aja Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68: 199-224.
- Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce) Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
- Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Hedberg, I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 5: 1-690. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Somalia 3: 1-626. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Gonçalves, A.E. (2005). Flora Zambesiaca 8(4): 1-124. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Kress, W.J. et al. (2003). Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of Myanmar: 1-590. National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.
- Khan, M.S. & Mia, C. (2002). Flora of Bangladesh 53: 1-48. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
- Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt 3: 1-373. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Scott, A.J. (2000). Flore des Mascareignes 128: 1-41. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
- Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.
- Gaur, R.D. (1999). Flora of the district of Garhwal north west Himalaya: 1-811. Transmedia, Srinagar, India.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1994). Flora of China 17: 1-378. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Troupin, G. (ed.) (1985). Flora du Rwanda 3: 1-729. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
- Purdie, R.W., Symon, D.E. & Haegi, L. (1982). Flora of Australia 29: 1-208. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1978). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 6: 1-825. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Schönbeck-Temesy, E. (1972). Flora Iranica 100: 1-82. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1972). Flora Europaea 3: 1-370. Cambridge University Press.
- Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1963). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 2: 1-544.
- Quézel, P. (1958). Mission Botanique au Tibesti: 1-357. Université d'Alger.
Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, Vol 3, (2006) Author: by M. Thulin [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Fl. Eth. 5: 154 (2006).
- Fl. Somalia 3: 203 (2006)
- F.Z. 8(4): 56 (2005)
- Nord. J. Bot. 22(4): 388 (2002)
- Fl. Egypt 6: 77 (1998)
- K.T.S.L.: 583, ill., map (1994)
- U.K.W.F. 2nd ed: 244 (1994)
- Solanaceae III: 223 (1991)
- Troupin, Fl. Rwanda 3 : 383 (1985), as Whithania
- E.P.A. 2: 857 (1963)
- F.W.T.A. 2nd ed., 2: 330 (1963)
- K.T.S.: 538 (1961): F.F.N.R.: 377 (1962)
- T.T.C.L.: 592 (1949)
- W.F.K.: 89 (1948)
- F.P.N.A. 2: 204 (1947)
- Z.A.E.: 283 (1914)
- F.T.A. 4, 2: 249 (1906)
- Fl. Cap. 4(1): 107 (1904)
- E. & P. Pf.: 19 (1895)
- P.O.A. C: 351 (1895)
- Engl., Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.: 374 (1892)
- DC., Prodr. 13(1): 453 (1852)
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Science Photographs
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Plants and People Africa
Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
© Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/