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  1. Family: Apiaceae Lindl.
    1. Genus: Daucus L.

      1. Daucus carota L.

        Wild carrot is a member of the carrot family (Apiaceae), which includes parsnip, parsley, fennel and angelica.

    [KSP]

    Kew Species Profiles

    General Description

    Wild carrot is a member of the carrot family (Apiaceae), which includes parsnip, parsley, fennel and angelica.

    Wild forms have thin, wiry taproots, bearing little resemblance to the bright orange, fleshy root vegetable available commercially, although both share the characteristic carrot fragrance. Delicate white flower heads are produced after the second year of growth, and these have inspired the common name Queen Anne's lace.

    The orange colour of cultivated carrots is due to a high concentration of beta-carotene. This is a precursor of vitamin A, which is important for growth, development and good vision. This link between carrots and good eye health probably gave rise to the common suggestion to children reluctant to eat their vegetables - eating carrots will help you to see in the dark!

    The spiny fruits have been considered to have diuretic properties and have been used in the treatment of kidney complaints and dropsy.

    Species Profile
    Geography and distribution

    Wild carrot is thought to have originated on the Iranian Plateau (an area which now includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran). It now grows across much of western Asia and Europe.

    It occurs in free-draining and slightly acidic soils on rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes. It frequently naturalises in fields and gardens.

    Description

    Overview: A biennial (flowers produced after the second year of growth) up to 150 cm tall with a grooved, hairless or bristly stem.

    Leaves: Finely divided, giving a feathery appearance. Upper leaves are reduced and have a sheathing petiole (leaf stalk). Leaves have a characteristic carrot odour.

    Roots: Small (in comparison to commercial carrots), tough, pale-fleshed taproot.

    Flowers: White to purple-tinged, borne in late summer in umbrella-like clusters (umbels) up to 7 cm in diameter, with many bracts underneath. The umbels can be concave, flat or convex. Central flowers of the umbel are sometimes dark purple.

    Flowering heads become concave (and are considered to resemble birds' nests) when they turn to seed.

    Fruits: Dry schizocarp (splitting into two single-seeded portions), 2-4 mm in diameter, with spiny ridges. The spiny fruits attach to the fur of passing animals, aiding seed dispersal.

    Purple, white and yellow - colourful carrot history

    It is thought that the familiar orange carrot in cultivation today originated in the area around Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan and had roots that were dark purple due to the presence of the pigment anthocyanin. Dark red and purple carrots are still grown in Afghanistan today.

    Wild carrot was taken westwards from this region to Asia Minor (in the 10th or 11th century), Spain (12th century) and northwestern Europe (by the 15th century), and eastwards to China (in the 13th or 14th century) and Japan (by the 17th century). Some mutant yellow and white forms, devoid of anthocyanin, occurred at some stage.

    Evidence from documents and paintings (including Christ and the Adulterers by Pieter Aertsen, 1559) suggests that carrots cultivated in northwestern Europe up to the 16th century were all purple or yellow and long. The yellow forms were usually preferred as the pigment from purple forms stained soups and sauces.

    Selective breeding of yellow carrots in the Netherlands in the 17th century gave rise to carrots with a higher concentration of orange pigment (beta-carotene). Following this, further cultivars were produced giving rise to the immense variety of root shapes, sizes and colours available today.

    Carrots in Babylon?

    Wild carrot appears in a list of plants grown in the royal garden of Babylon in the 8th century BC. It was included in the list of aromatic herbs (rather than that of vegetables), so it is thought to have been grown for its fragrant leaves or seeds.

    Uses Wild carrot

    Wild carrot is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, being particularly useful for meadow areas of wildlife gardens. It is a food plant for the caterpillars of swallowtail butterflies (such as Papilio machaon and P. polyxenes ) and a source of pollen and nectar for bees. Wild carrot reproduces by seed and can be prolific, so should be prevented from going to seed in a garden situation.

    Flower heads are attractive in fresh or dry flower arrangements, and the bird nest-like seed heads are also useful for dry arrangements.

    Daucus carota subspecies sativus

    Daucus carota subspecies sativus is cultivated as an annual across much of the temperate and tropical world for its edible, orange storage roots. Carrot is a major root vegetable for human consumption, and also an important fodder crop, with world production of over 20 million megatons.

    Carrots are eaten raw in salads; cooked in soups, stir-fries, and casseroles; served alone as a side vegetable; and processed to make baby foods. Carrot is frequently used as a colourful garnish, often grated, sometimes sculpted into decorative flower-like shapes.

    Carrot juice is popular as a healthy drink, both alone or mixed with other vegetable and fruit juices. Carrots are used in sweet dishes such as carrot cake and in Asia often used in jams and syrups.

    Carrots are a source of the natural food dye carotene. Carrot fruit oil has been used for flavouring liqueurs and as an ingredient in cosmetics.

    Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storage

    The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life worldwide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.

    More than 80 collections of Daucus carota seeds are held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank based at Wakehurst in West Sussex.

    This species at Kew

    Daucus carota can usually be seen growing in the Plant Family Beds and Student Vegetable Plots at Kew.

    Pressed and dried specimens of Daucus carota are held in Kew's Herbarium where they are available to researchers by appointment. The details of some of these specimens, including images, can be seen online in Kew's Herbarium Catalogue.

    online

    Specimens of seeds, roots and seed oil of wild carrot are held in Kew's Economic Botany Collection, where they are available to researchers by appointment.

    Ecology
    Rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes.
    Conservation
    Widespread and not considered to be threatened.
    Hazards

    Wild carrot has some medical properties and is similar in appearance to poisonous species such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium).

    [CPLC]

    Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

    Distribution
    Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 2550 - 2850 m.; Andes.
    Habit
    Hierba

    Images

    Distribution

    Doubtfully present in:

    Lebanon-Syria

    Native to:

    Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Central European Rus, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Madeira, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Northwest European R, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia

    Introduced into:

    Alabama, Amsterdam-St.Paul Is, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Bangladesh, Brazil South, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Chile South, Colorado, Cuba, Desventurados Is., Dominican Republic, Easter Is., Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, Guatemala, Haiti, Illinois, India, Jamaica, Kentucky, Kermadec Is., Korea, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, New Mexico, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Nicobar Is., North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Peru, Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tennessee, Uruguay, Vermont, Vietnam, West Siberia

    Common Names
    English
    Wild carrot

    Daucus carota L. appears in other Kew resources:

    Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status
    Jun 1, 1984 s.coll [2286], Iran K000782463
    Jan 10, 1977 s.coll [1198], Egypt K000782514
    Dec 30, 1976 Botteri, N. [s.n.], Croatia K000782335
    Dec 1, 1976 Sandwith, N.Y. [2639; 39582], Libya K000782537
    Dec 1, 1976 Ross-Craig, S. [1543], United Kingdom K000782216
    Dec 1, 1976 Maitland, T.D. [95], Israel K000782520
    Dec 1, 1976 Townsend, C.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782378
    Dec 1, 1976 Hooker [s.n.], Morocco K000782539
    Dec 1, 1976 Hooker [s.n.], Morocco K000782540
    Dec 1, 1976 Hooker [s.n.], Morocco K000782546
    Dec 1, 1976 Furse, P. [9023], Iran K000782521
    Dec 1, 1976 Brenam, J.P.M. [9968], Portugal K000782373
    Dec 1, 1976 Jamin, P. [168], Algeria K000782545
    Dec 1, 1976 Faure, A. [s.n.], Algeria K000782534
    Dec 1, 1976 Faure, A. [s.n.], Algeria K000782541
    Dec 1, 1976 Pampanini, R. [5470], Libya K000782535
    Dec 1, 1976 Caballero, A. [s.n.], Morocco K000782397
    Dec 1, 1976 Renvoize, S.A. [345], Spain K000782371
    Dec 1, 1976 Renvoize, S.A. [342], Spain K000782395
    Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782379
    Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782380
    Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [1866], France K000782387
    Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [2531], France K000782388
    Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [810], Cyprus K000782523
    Dec 1, 1976 Barton, W.C. [s.n.], Guernsey K000782382
    Dec 1, 1976 Irssidden, W. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782180
    Dec 1, 1976 Eshiting, M.M. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782381
    Dec 1, 1976 Louis-Arsene [1711], Jersey K000782383
    Dec 1, 1976 Forsyth, Major. [H292-23], France K000782391
    Dec 1, 1976 Kennedy, T.W. [70], Spain K000782399
    Dec 1, 1976 Mapple. [97], Cyprus K000782524
    Dec 1, 1976 Allard, C. [2898], Algeria K000782538
    Nov 1, 1976 Caballero, A. [s.n.], Morocco K000782314
    Nov 1, 1976 Toziponé, T. [38], Croatia K000782337
    Summerhayes, V.S. [99], United Kingdom K000782196
    Hepper, F.N. [475], United Kingdom K000782184
    Hepper, F.N. [9981], France K000782249
    Wyatt, J.W. [60], United Kingdom K000782193
    Wyatt, J.W. [248], United Kingdom K000782205
    Wyatt, J.W. [187], United Kingdom K000782206
    Wyatt, J.W. [216], United Kingdom K000782207
    Ingoldby, C.M. [328], Turkey K000782345
    Bruce, E.A. [36], United Kingdom K000782181
    Townsend, C.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782211
    Townsend, C.C. [85/34], Greece K000782324
    Melville, R. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782202
    Warren, R.C. [34], Iran K000782464
    Gamble, J.S. [27972], United Kingdom K000782204
    Lambert, M.R.K. [501], Turkey K000782511
    Callier, A. [617], Ukraine K000782236
    Cope, T.A. [RBG 549], Great Britain K000914628
    s.coll [245], United Kingdom K000782194
    s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782197
    s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782199
    s.coll [72], Spain K000782320
    Day, C.D. [685], Turkey K000341680
    Wright, C.H. [132], United Kingdom K000782185
    Wright, C.H. [223], United Kingdom K000782191
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] K001126928
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] K001126929
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] K001126930
    Sheahan, M.C. [MCS61], United Kingdom K000782212
    Roper, I.M. [767], United Kingdom K000782198
    Edmond, M.E. [6], Spain K000782317
    Edmond, M.E. [182], Spain K000782318
    Broad, D. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782186
    Woesdell, W.C. [282/1], United Kingdom K000782190
    Barkill, J.H. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782192
    Reynolds, L. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782210
    Callum-Webster, M.M. [5142], United Kingdom K000782215
    Makashvili, A. [s.n.], Georgia K000782483
    Protmeroe, J. [12], Turkey K000782487
    Miller, N.F. [883], Turkey K000782498
    Maniz, J.M. [557], Madeira Daucus neglectus K000272638

    First published in Sp. Pl.: 242 (1753)

    Accepted by

    • Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
    • Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
    • Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
    • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
    • Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
    • Pimenov, M.G., Kljuykov, E.V. & Ukrainskaja, U.A. (2014). Cephalopodum badachshanicum, Semenovia vachanica and other Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) novelties of Afghan flora from Badakhshan province, with notes on some species of the Pamirs Skvortsovia 1: 149-168.
    • Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
    • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
    • Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
    • Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
    • Van Wyk, B.-E., Tilney, P.M. & Magee, A.R. (2013). African Apiaceae: a synopsis of the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: 1- 317. Briza Academic Books, Pretoria.
    • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
    • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
    • Singh, A. (2012). Exotic flora of the Chandauli district Uttar Pradesh, India: an overview Indian Journal of Forestry 35: 79-84.
    • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
    • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
    • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
    • Sheremetova, S.A., Ebel, A.L. & Buko, T.E. (2011). Supplement to the flora of Kemerovo region since 2001 till 2010 Turczaninowia 14(1): 65-74.
    • Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
    • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
    • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
    • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
    • Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
    • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) in Flora of China Editorial Committee (2005). Flora of China 14: 1-581. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
    • Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
    • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
    • Govaerts, R. (2000). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS D: 1-30141.
    • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
    • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
    • Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 90-106: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
    • Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
    • Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
    • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
    • Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.

    Literature

    Kew Species Profiles
    • Breckle, S. -W. & Rafiqpoor, M. D. (2010). Field Guide Afghanistan. Scientia Bonnensis, Bonn, Germany.
    • Vaughan, J. G. & Geissler, C. A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
    • Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • Heywood, V. H. et al. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
    • Lawton, B. P. (2007). Parsleys, Fennels and Queen Anne’s Lace: Herbs and Ornamentals from the Umbel Family. Timber Press Inc., Portland, Oregon.
    • Davidson, A. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Food, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
    • Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1997). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Volume 1 (A–C). The Stockton Press, New York.
    • Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1997). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Volume 2 (D–K). The Stockton Press, New York.
    • Mabey, R. (1997). Flora Britannica. Chatto & Windus, London.
    • Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds) (1996). Flora Europaea, Volume 2, Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    Kew Backbone Distributions
    • Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
    • Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
    • Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
    • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
    • Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
    • Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
    • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
    • Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
    • Van Wyk, B.-E., Tilney, P.M. & Magee, A.R. (2013). African Apiaceae: a synopsis of the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: 1- 317. Briza Academic Books, Pretoria.
    • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
    • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
    • Singh, A. (2012). Exotic flora of the Chandauli district Uttar Pradesh, India: an overview Indian Journal of Forestry 35: 79-84.
    • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
    • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
    • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
    • Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce) Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
    • Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
    • GBIF (2008-continuously updated). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
    • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
    • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
    • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
    • Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
    • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) in Flora of China Editorial Committee (2005). Flora of China 14: 1-581. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
    • Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
    • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh l?c các loài th?c v?t Vi?t Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà N?i : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p.
    • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
    • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
    • Zizka, G. (1991). Flowering plants of Easter island Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 3: 1-108.
    • Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
    • Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
    • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.

    Sources

    Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
    Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew

    Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

    Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
    'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

    Kew Backbone Distributions
    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

    Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

    Kew Species Profiles
    Kew Species Profiles
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0